Grain losses during storage can be attributed to both biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors include pests like insects, rodents, mites, and fungi, which can consume or damage the grain, according to Doubtnut. Abiotic factors, such as inappropriate moisture, temperature, and humidity, can also lead to degradation and spoilage. Elaboration:
Biotic Factors:
Insects:
Various insects, including grain weevils, moths, and beetles, can infest stored grains, consuming them or damaging their structure. Rodents:
Rats and mice can contaminate and damage stored grains by chewing on them and leaving droppings, notes BYJU’S.
Mites and Fungi:
Mites and fungi can cause degradation and spoilage of grains, leading to losses in both quantity and quality. Birds:
Birds can cause damage to stored grains, especially in open storage facilities. Abiotic Factors:
Moisture:
High moisture levels can promote the growth of molds and bacteria, leading to spoilage and deterioration of grains. Temperature:
Fluctuations in temperature can affect grain quality, and high temperatures can accelerate respiration and spoilage processes. Humidity:
High humidity can lead to increased moisture levels, promoting mold growth and spoilage. Physical Damage:
Crushing, handling, and transportation can lead to physical losses of grains, including spillage and breakage. These factors can interact with each other, making it important to consider them collectively when managing grain storage to minimize losses.