Storage grain losses occur due to both abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) factors. Abiotic factors include moisture, temperature, and the presence of sunlight, while biotic factors include insects, rodents, fungi, and other pests. These factors can lead to a decrease in grain quality, weight, and germination rate.
Abiotic Factors:
Moisture:
High moisture content in the grains can lead to mold growth, spoilage, and a decrease in quality. Conversely, low moisture can cause the grains to dry out and lose weight.
Temperature:
Unsuitable storage temperatures can negatively impact grain quality and encourage the growth of pests.
Lack of Sunlight:
Lack of sunlight can also affect the grains, potentially leading to spoilage and reduced quality.
Biotic Factors:
Insects: Various insect species can infest stored grains, consuming them and reducing their weight and quality.
Rodents: Rodents can damage grain storage facilities and contaminate stored grains.
Fungi: Fungi can grow on grains, particularly in humid conditions, causing spoilage and the production of mycotoxins.
Mites and Bacteria: These microorganisms can also degrade the quality of stored grains.
Other Factors:
Mishandling and improper storage methods: Improper storage techniques can lead to increased moisture, temperature fluctuations, and pest infestations, all of which contribute to grain losses.