(a) To stretch the bow, the archer applies a force that causes a change in its shape.
(b) The force applied by the archer to stretch the bow is an example of a muscular force.
(c) The type of force responsible for a change in the state of motion of the arrow is an example of a contact force.
(d) While the arrow moves towards its target, the forces acting on it are due to gravity and that due to friction of air.
Explanation:
(a)
When the archer pulls the bowstring, she is applying a force that deforms the bow, changing its shape to store elastic potential energy.
(b)
This force is directly exerted by the archer’s muscles, hence it is classified as a muscular force.
(c)
As the arrow is released, the bowstring exerts a force on it, causing it to move. This is a contact force because the arrow is physically touching the bowstring.
(d)
While in flight, the arrow is primarily affected by two forces: gravity, which pulls it down towards the Earth, and air resistance, which opposes its motion through the air.