At a synapse, the gap between two neurons, an electrical signal from a presynaptic neuron is converted into a chemical signal by the release of neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, potentially triggering an electrical signal in the receiving neuron.
Here’s a more detailed explanation:
1. Electrical to Chemical:
The electrical signal (action potential) from the presynaptic neuron reaches its terminal. This triggers the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft (the gap between the neurons).
2. Neurotransmitter Release:
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that carry the signal across the synapse.
3. Receptor Binding:
Neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron’s membrane.
4. Postsynaptic Response:
This binding can cause the postsynaptic neuron to become more or less likely to fire its own action potential, depending on the neurotransmitter and receptor involved.
5. Signal Conversion Back to Electrical:
The binding of neurotransmitters to receptors opens ion channels, allowing ions to flow into or out of the postsynaptic neuron. This ion movement generates an electrical signal that can propagate along the neuron.
Essentially, the synapse acts as a relay point where electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, then back to electrical signals, enabling communication between neurons.