1. Time Hypothesis:

• Tropical regions have been geographically stable (no ice ages, less drastic climate change) for millions of years.
• This gave more time for species to evolve, diversify, and accumulate.

2. Climate Stability Hypothesis:

• The tropics have a warm, stable climate (no extreme cold or dry seasons).
• This supports continuous growth, high productivity, and allows more species to survive side-by-side.

3. High Productivity Hypothesis:

• Intense sunlight and heavy rainfall mean more energy is available all year.
• More energy leads to more plant biomass, which supports more herbivores, more predators, and thus more species at all levels.