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Relations and Functions

Define an equivalence relation. Give an example of an equivalence relation on the set of real numbers.

Organic Chemistry

Describe the mechanism of the addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes. What is Markovnikov’s rule, and how does it apply in this context?

Solutions

Explain Raoult’s law for ideal solutions. How does it apply to a mixture of two volatile liquids?

Solid State

What is the packing efficiency in a crystal lattice? Compare the packing efficiency of face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic structures.

Chemistry in Everyday Life

Explain how soaps are different from detergents. Describe their cleansing action.

Polymers

• Define the term polymer. Differentiate between thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers with examples.

Biomolecules

What are enzymes? Describe their role in biochemical reactions.

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Explain the term nucleophilic substitution reaction and give an example involving a haloalkane.

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Define the term phenol. Explain why phenol is more acidic than alcohol.

Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Describe the structure and functional group of a ketone. How does it differ from that of an aldehyde?