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Solid State

What is the packing efficiency in a crystal lattice? Compare the packing efficiency of face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic structures.

Chemistry in Everyday Life

Explain how soaps are different from detergents. Describe their cleansing action.

Polymers

• Define the term polymer. Differentiate between thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers with examples.

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Biomolecules

What are enzymes? Describe their role in biochemical reactions.

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Explain the term nucleophilic substitution reaction and give an example involving a haloalkane.

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Define the term phenol. Explain why phenol is more acidic than alcohol.

Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Describe the structure and functional group of a ketone. How does it differ from that of an aldehyde?

Coordination Compounds

What is a ligand? Differentiate between unidentate and bidentate ligands, providing one example of each.

d- and f-Block Elements

Explain why transition elements form colored compounds and have variable oxidation states.

p-Block Elements

Describe the structure and hybridization of phosphorus pentachloride in the solid state.