Define an equivalence relation. Provide an example of an equivalence relation on the set of real numbers.
Define a square matrix. How do you find the determinant of a 3×3 matrix? Explain with an example.
State Hess’s law and explain its application in determining enthalpy changes. Provide an example of its use in calculating enthalpy of formation.
Explain Boyle’s law and its significance. A gas occupies a volume of 4 liters at a pressure of 2 atm. Calculate its volume when the pressure is reduced to 1 atm, assuming temperature remains constant.
What is hybridization? Explain the hybridization of carbon in ethane, ethene, and ethyne, and describe the geometry of each molecule.
Describe the Aufbau principle and explain its importance in determining the electronic configuration of elements.
Define molar mass and explain its significance in stoichiometric calculations. Calculate the molar mass of H2O.
Explain the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of proteins. How do these structures contribute to the function of proteins?
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