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Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Explain the term nucleophilic substitution reaction and give an example involving a haloalkane.

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Define the term phenol. Explain why phenol is more acidic than alcohol.

Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Describe the structure and functional group of a ketone. How does it differ from that of an aldehyde?

Coordination Compounds

What is a ligand? Differentiate between unidentate and bidentate ligands, providing one example of each.

d- and f-Block Elements

Explain why transition elements form colored compounds and have variable oxidation states.

p-Block Elements

Describe the structure and hybridization of phosphorus pentachloride in the solid state.

Surface Chemistry

What is catalysis? Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis with examples.

Chemical Kinetics

What is the rate constant of a reaction? Describe the relationship between the rate constant and temperature, according to the Arrhenius equation.

Electrochemistry

Define the standard electrode potential. Explain its significance in predicting the spontaneity of redox reactions.

Electronic Devices

1. Explain the working of a junction diode. Describe how it acts as a rectifier.