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Carboxylic Acids

Discuss the acidic nature of carboxylic acids. Why are carboxylic acids more acidic than alcohols?

Aldehydes and Ketones

Explain the concept of nucleophilic addition reactions in aldehydes and ketones. Provide an example of a reaction showing nucleophilic addition.

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

What are primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols? Explain with examples and mention one characteristic property for each type.

Coordination Compounds

Explain the concept of coordination number and give examples of coordination compounds with coordination numbers of 4 and 6.

d- and f-Block Elements

Describe the properties of transition metals. Why do they often form colored compounds?

p-Block Elements

Write a short note on the anomalous behavior of fluorine compared to other halogens. Mention at least two reasons for this behavior.

Surface Chemistry

Explain the process of adsorption. Differentiate between physisorption and chemisorption with examples.

Chemical Kinetics

Define the rate of a chemical reaction. How does the concentration of reactants affect the rate of reaction?

Electrochemistry

• What is the Nernst equation? Explain how it is used to calculate the cell potential of an electrochemical cell at non-standard conditions.

Thermodynamics

State the first law of thermodynamics. Derive an expression for the work done in an isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, 

, V_f and V_i are the final and initial volumes.