Define entropy and explain its role in determining the spontaneity of a reaction. How is entropy change calculated for a reaction?
Define hybridization and explain the hybridization of carbon in methane, ethene, and ethyne. How does hybridization affect the geometry of these molecules?
State the ideal gas law and its application in determining the behavior of gases under different conditions. Calculate the pressure exerted by one mole of an ideal gas at a volume of 22.4 liters and temperature of 273 Kelvin.
Describe the four quantum numbers and their significance. How do they define the position and energy of an electron in an atom?
Define the term ligand and explain the difference between unidentate, bidentate, and polydentate ligands. Give examples for each type.
Describe the tests used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones. Explain the basis of each test and provide examples of compounds that would give positive results.
Differentiate between physical and chemical adsorption. Provide examples of each and discuss the factors affecting adsorption.
Explain the rate law and order of a reaction. Describe the factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction, providing examples for each factor.
Define the Nernst equation and explain its significance. How does the Nernst equation help in calculating the cell potential for electrochemical cells?
Explain the Doppler effect in sound and derive the formula for the observed frequency when the source is moving towards a stationary observer. Calculate the observed frequency if the source frequency is 500 Hz and the source moves towards the observer at 30 m/s. (Speed of sound = 340 m/s)
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