Explain Markovnikov’s rule. Provide an example of an addition reaction following Markovnikov’s rule.
Differentiate between Kp and Kc in chemical equilibrium. Under what conditions do they become equal?
Define enthalpy and entropy. How is Gibbs free energy related to enthalpy and entropy? Describe its significance.
Describe the octet rule. Discuss its limitations and give examples where the octet rule does not hold.
Explain Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. How does it account for the line spectrum of hydrogen?
Define polymerization and distinguish between addition and condensation polymerization. Give examples of each type.
Explain why carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than alcohols of similar molecular weight.
Describe the process of aldol condensation. Why do aldehydes with alpha-hydrogen undergo aldol condensation?
Compare the acidic strength of ethanol and phenol. Why is phenol more acidic than ethanol?