Define enthalpy of reaction. Explain how to calculate the enthalpy change using Hess’s law for a multi-step chemical reaction.
Classify crystalline solids into four types based on their bonding, with examples of each type.
Distinguish between physisorption and chemisorption with suitable examples. Discuss their applications in industry.
Explain the concept of activation energy. How does a catalyst affect the activation energy and rate of a reaction?
Define an electrochemical cell. Describe the working principle of a galvanic cell and explain how it generates electrical energy from chemical reactions.
Define modulation and explain its need in communication systems. Differentiate between amplitude modulation and frequency modulation.
Explain how a transistor works as an amplifier and describe its applications in electronic devices.
Explain the working of an AND gate with a truth table. Show how this gate can be used to implement basic digital logic circuits.
Draw and explain the I-V characteristics of a p-n junction diode in forward bias and reverse bias.
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