Define mass defect and binding energy. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus given its atomic mass.
Describe how X-rays are produced in an X-ray tube. Discuss two medical applications of X-rays.
Explain the concept of threshold frequency in the photoelectric effect and derive Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
State Snell’s law of refraction. A light ray travels from air into glass (refractive index = 1.5). If the angle of incidence is 30°, calculate the angle of refraction.
Explain the concept of interference and derive the condition for constructive interference in terms of the path difference between two coherent sources.
Explain how Maxwell’s equations predict the existence of electromagnetic waves. Derive an expression for the speed of light in a vacuum using permittivity and permeability.
Derive the expression for the impedance of a series LCR circuit connected to an AC source and explain its dependence on frequency.
State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and explain how it is applied in generating an induced current.
A proton enters a magnetic field with velocity “v” at an angle of 30° to the field direction. Derive the expression for the magnetic force acting on it.
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