State the VSEPR theory and predict the shapes of PCL5 and SF6 molecules. Explain why PCl5 has two different bond lengths in the same molecule.
Compare the nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones. Explain why aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones in these reactions.
Derive the relationship between Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Explain the significance of this relationship in determining the spontaneity of a reaction.
Explain the differences between Schottky and Frenkel defects in ionic solids. Discuss how these defects influence the properties of solids.
What are coordination compounds? Provide IUPAC names for [Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃ and K₄[Fe(CN)₆] and discuss their importance in biological systems.
Explain the terms coagulation and peptization. Discuss the role of colloids in everyday life, providing at least two examples.
State the Nernst equation. Use it to calculate the emf of a cell when the concentration of ions is not standard.
Define the rate of a chemical reaction. Derive the integrated rate law for a first-order reaction and explain how its half-life is independent of initial concentration.
Draw and explain the V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias. Discuss its applications in rectifiers.
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